Highlights
- •Sleep is vital for homeostasis, restitution, defense, plasticity, and bioperiodicity.
- •Animal sleep is phenotypically diverse.
- •Sleep molecular mechanisms are highly conserved in evolution.
- •Theories of sleep function and evolution emphasize different aspects of biology.
- •The 2m3d paradigm may help solve the enigmas of sleep biology and evolution.
Abstract
Sleep continues to perplex scientists and researchers. Despite decades of sleep research,
we still lack a clear understanding of the biological functions and evolution of sleep.
In this review, we will examine sleep from a functional and phylogenetic perspective
and describe some important conceptual gaps in understanding sleep. Classical theories
of the biology and evolution of sleep emphasize sensory activation, energy balance,
and metabolic homeostasis. Advances in electrophysiology, functional neuroimaging,
and neuroplasticity allow us to view sleep within the framework of neural dynamics.
With this paradigm shift, we have come to realize the importance of neurodynamic homeostasis
in shaping the biology of sleep. Evidently, animals sleep to achieve neurodynamic
and metabolic homeostasis.
We are not aware of any framework for understanding sleep where neurodynamic, metabolic,
homeostatic, chronophasic, and afferent variables are all taken into account. This
motivated us to propose the two-mode three-drive (2m3d) paradigm of sleep. In the
2m3d paradigm, local neurodynamic/metabolic (N/M) processes switch between two modes—m0
and m1—in response to three drives—afferent, chronophasic, and homeostatic. The spatiotemporal
integration of local m0/m1 operations gives rise to the global states of sleep and
wakefulness. As a framework of evolution, the 2m3d paradigm allows us to view sleep
as a robust adaptive strategy that evolved so animals can periodically reinforce neurodynamic
and metabolic homeostasis while remaining sensitive to their internal and external
environment.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: May 20, 2016
Accepted:
May 13,
2016
Received in revised form:
May 12,
2016
Received:
March 1,
2016
Identification
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© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
