Abstract
Many nonmotor fluctuations (NMFs) may occur in addition to the classic motor fluctuations
(MFs) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) within several years of initiation
of dopaminergic treatment. Patients can experience these NMFs in the “on” and/or “off”
periods. NMFs can be divided into three groups: Autonomic, cognitive/psychiatric,
and sensory. Nonmotor sensory fluctuations (NMSFs) occurring in association with “on”
period are more frequently recognized than those in the “off” state. NMSFs commonly
reported include pain, numbness, paresthesia/dysesthesia, akathisia, rest-legs syndrome
(RLS), dyspnea, and internal tremor (IT).
Proposed treatments of NMSFs are based on whether they occur during “off” or “on”
state. These include reduction of dopaminergic medication, use of long-acting dopamine
agonists or controlled released levodopa (LD), surgical intervention, and/or targeted
pharmacological intervention to minimize dopaminergic side effects. NMSFs might be
related to dopaminergic mechanisms although difficulty in managing these symptoms
with dopaminergic therapy suggests a different pathway. Conclusion: Recognition of
NMSFs is important in the care of patients with Parkinson disease to prevent unnecessary
interventions and for appropriate medication regimen adjustments.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: August 29, 2011
Accepted:
July 31,
2011
Received in revised form:
May 17,
2011
Received:
March 15,
2011
Identification
Copyright
© 2011 Elsevier B.V. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
