Abstract
Aging is often associated with some cognitive impairment. Greater population life
expectancy is one explanation for increased incidence of cognitive impairment cases.
Large number of people with cognitive impairment and dementia is becoming one of the
most important medical and social problems worldwide. Therefore, prevention of Alzheimer
disease is becoming an imperative. Dementia includes a heterogeneous group of disorders,
the most common being Alzheimer dementia (AD) and vascular dementia (VD). Most cardiovascular
risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholsterolemia, atrial
fibrillation, and smoking are not exclusively risk factors for VD, but also for AD.
Intracranial hemodynamics of the aging brain can be assessed by Transcranial Doppler
Sonography (TCD), functional TCD with various functional tests, and TCD detection
of cerebral emboli. Extracranial circulation can be assessed by means of color Doppler
flow imaging (CDFI). New neurosonology techniques and possibilities provide information
necessary to closer determine the relation between cognitive deterioration and vascular
risk factors, so that the evolution towards dementia could be prevented or at least
postponed.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Journal of the Neurological SciencesAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Diagnostic tools for the study of vascular cognitive dysfunction in hypertension and antihypertensive drug research.Pharmacol. Ther. 2006; 109: 274-283
- Progression of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's or vascular dementia versus normative aging among elderly Chinese.Curr Alzheimer Res. 2005; 2: 571-578
- Disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer disease—challenges to early intervention.Neurology. 2007; 69: 1622-1635
- Mild cognitive impairment can be distinguished from Alzheimer's DISEASE and normal aging for clinical trials.Arch Neurol. 2004; 61: 59-65
- Atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Rotterdam study.Lancet. 1997; 349: 151-154
- Vascular risk factors, incidence of MCI, and rates of progression to dementia.Neurology. 2004; 63: 1882-1891
- Mild cognitive impairment and preclinical Alzheimer's disease.Geriatrics. 2005; : 9-14
- Diagnosis profile and comparison of risk factors in major types of dementia: a hospital base study.J Neurol Sci. 2004; 21: 4-8
- Midlife vascular risk factors and late-life Alzheimer's disease.Annals Intern Med. 2002; 137: 3
- Vascular risk factors and intensity of cognitive dysfunction in MCI.J Neurol Sci. 2007; : 1-8
- Transcranial and extracranial ultrasound assessment of cerebral hemodynamics in vascular and Alzheimer's dementia.Neurol Res. 2006; 28: 645-649
- Vascular factors predict rate of progression in Alzheimer disease.Neurology. 2007; 69: 1850-1858
- Cerebrovascular reactivity and cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer disease.Stroke. 2006; 37: 1010-1015
- How to monitor vascular aging with an ultrasound.J Neurol Sci. 2007; : 1-9
- Education and dementia. What lies behind the association?.Neurology. 2007; 69: 1442-1450
- Should surgical menopausal women be treated with estrogens to decrease the risk of dementia?.Neurology. 2007; 69: 1070-1071
- Heterogeneity of cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia.Am J Neuroradiol. 2003; 24: 1341-1347
- Alzheimer disease: focal cortical changes shown by positron emission tomography.Neurology. 1983; 33: 961-965
- Longitudinal study of cerebral metabolic asymmetries an associated neuropsychological patterns in early dementia of the Alzheimer type.Arch Neurol. 1990; 47: 753-760
- Longitudinal studies of regional cerebral metabolism in Alzheimer disease.Neurology. 1988; 38: 909-912
- Subcortical hyperintensities are associated with cognitive decline in patients with mild cognitive impairment.Stroke. 2007; 38: 2924-2930
- Pulse pressure and risk of Alzheimer disease in persons aged 75 years and older: a community-based, longitudinal study.Stroke. 2003; 34: 594-599
- Relationship between arterial stiffness and cognitive function in elderly subjects with complaints of memory loss.Stroke. 2005; 36: 2193-2197
- Arterial stiffness independently predicts cardiovascular events in an elderly community. Longitudinal Investigation for the Longevity and Aging in Hokkaido Country (LILAC) study.Biomed Pharmacother. 2005; 59: S40-S44
- Arterial stiffness is an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment in the elderly: a pilot study.J Hypert. 2005; 23: 1211-1216
- Arterial stiffness as an independent predictor of longitudinal changes in cognitive function in the older individual.J Hypertens. 2007; 25: 1035-1040
- Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT): a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis.Act Clin Croat. 2006; 45: 45-51
- Common carotid artery intima media thickness and post-stroke cognitive impairment.J Neurol Sci. 2004; 223: 129-134
- Carotid intima-media thickness and cognitive decline: what does it mean for prevention of dementia?.J Neurolog Sci. 2004; 223: 103-105
- Carotid intima-media thickness and cognitive function in elderly women: a population-based study.Neuroepidemiology. 2007; 28: 207-213
- Alzheimer's disease: the vascular connection.Int J Stroke. 2007; 2: 243-244
- Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease. The Nun study.JAMA. 1997; 277: 813-817
- Impairment of Cerebral Vasoreactivity (CVR) in Multiinfarct Dementia (MID), Dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT), and Dementia in Parkinson's Disease (DPD). vol. 97. 1995: 99-104
- Breath holding index in evaluation of cerebral vasoreactivity.Acta Clin Croat. 2006; 34: 1645-1649
- Transcranial Doppler Sonography during visual stimulation.Acta Clin Croat. 1999; 38: 285-288
- Differentiation of vascular dementia and Alzheimer disease: a functional transcranial Doppler ultrasonographic study.J Ultrasound Med. 2005; 24: 1065-1070
- Cerebrovascular reactivity in degenerative and vascular dementia: a transcranial Doppler study.Eur Neurol. 2007; 58: 84-89
- Risk factors for vascular dementia and Alzheimer disease.Stroke. 2004; 35: 2620-2622
- Impairment of cerebral vasoreactivity in patients with multi-infarct dementia.Acta Clin Croat. 1993; 32: 51-59
- Interaction of cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration: transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and Alzheimer disease.Neurol Res. 2006; 28: 672-678
- Cerebral emboli as a potential cause of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: a case–control study.BMJ. 2006; 13:332: 1119-1124
- Are spontaneous cerebral microemboli consistent in carotid disease?.Stroke. 2002; 33: 685-688
- Cerebral injury during cardiopulmonary bypass: emboli impair memory.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001; 121: 1150-1160
- Microemboli in cerebral circulation and alteration of cognitive abilities in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves.Stroke. 1998; 29: 1821-1826
- Occurrence of transcranial Doppler high-intensity signals in patients with potential cardiac source of embolism: a prospective study.Stroke. 1995; 26: 2067-2070
- Atrial fibrillation and dementia in a population based study.Stroke. 1997; 28: 316-321
- Asymptomatic spontaneous cerebral emboli predict cognitive and functional decline in dementia.Biol psychiatry. 2007; 62: 339-344
Article info
Publication history
Published online: March 06, 2009
Identification
Copyright
© 2009 Elsevier B.V. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
