Journal of the Neurological Sciences
Volume 298, Issue 1 , Pages 11-16 , 15 November 2010

The pre-requisite of a second-generation glioma PET biomarker

  • Katalin Borbely

      Affiliations

    • PET/CT Amb, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Rath Gyorgy 7-9, Hungary
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +36 1 224 8600; fax: +36 1 224 8720.
  • ,
  • Max Wintermark

      Affiliations

    • Neuroradiology Division, University of Virginia, Department of Radiology, Charlottesville, VA, USA
    • Tel.: +1 434 243 9312; fax: +1 434 982 5753.
  • ,
  • Janos Martos

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neuroradiology, National Institute of Neurosurgery, 1145 Budapest, Amerikai 45, Hungary
    • Tel.: +36 1 2512999; fax: +36 1 2515678.
  • ,
  • Imre Fedorcsak

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurosurgery, 1145 Budapest, Amerikai 45, Hungary
    • Tel.: +36 1 2512999; fax: +36 1 2515678.
  • ,
  • Laszlo Bognar

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurosurgery, Debrecen University Medical Faculties, 4032 Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Hungary
    • Tel.: +36 52 411 717; fax: +36 52 419 418.
  • ,
  • Miklos Kasler

      Affiliations

    • National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Rath Gyorgy 7-9, Hungary
    • Tel.: +36 1 224 8600; fax: +36 1 8667.

Received 2 June 2010 ,Revised 23 July 2010 ,Accepted 27 July 2010.

References 

  1. Halldin C, Gulyas B, Farde L. PET studies with carbon-11 radioligands in neuropsychological drug development. Current Radiopharm Design. 2001;1907–1929
  2. Verbruggen A, Coenen HH, Deverre JR, Guilloteau D, Langstrom B, Salvadori PA, et al. Guideline to regulations for radiopharmaceuticals in early phase clinical trials in the EU. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;Nov;35(11):2144–2151
  3. Yamamoto Y, Nishiyama Y, Kimura N, Kameyama R, Kawai N, Hatakeyama T, et al. 11C-acetate PET in the evaluation of brain glioma: comparison with 11C-methionine and 18F-FDG-PET. Mol Imaging Biol. Sep 2008;10(5):281–287Epub 2008 Jun 10
  4. De Witte O, Oulad Ben Taib N, Branle F, Rorive S, Brotchi J, Goldman S, et al. Contribution of PET to the management of patients with low-grade glioma. Neurochirurgie. Sep 2004;50(4):468–473
  5. Kaschten B, Stevenaert A, Sadzot B, Deprez M, Degueldre C, Del Fiore G, et al. Preoperative evaluation of 54 gliomas by PET with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and/or carbon-11-methionine. J Nucl Med. 1998 May;39(5):778–785
  6. Borbély K, Nyáry I, Tóth M, Ericson K, Gulyáset B. Optimization of semi-quantification in metabolic PET studies with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-methionine in the determination of malignancy of gliomas. J Neurol Sci. Jul 15 2006;246(1-2):85–94Epub 2006 Mar 6
  7. Pötzi C, Becherer A, Marosi C, Karanikas G, Szabo M, Dudczak R, et al. [11C]methionine and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET in the follow-up of glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol. Sep 2007;84(3):305–314Epub 2007 May 11
  8. Kato T, Shinoda J, Nakayama N, Miwa K, Okumura A, Yano H, et al. Metabolic assessment of gliomas using [11C]-methionine, [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose, and [11C]-choline positron-emission tomography. Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29:1176–1182
  9. Yamaguchi S, Terasaka S, Kobayashi H, Shiga T, Usui R, Hirata K, et al. Indolent dorsal midbrain tumor: new findings based on positron emission tomography. J Neurosurg Pediatr. Apr 2009;3(4):270–275
  10. Gulyás B, Nyáry I, Borbély K. FDG, MET or CHO? The quest for the optimal PET tracer for glioma imaging continues. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. Sep 2008;4(9):470–471Epub 2008 Jul 15
  11. Kincaid PK, El-Saden SM, Park SH, Goy BW. Cerebral gangliogliomas: preoperative grading using FDG-PET and 201Tl-SPECT. Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:801–806
  12. Gómez-Río M, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Ramos-Font C, López-Ramírez E, Llamas-Elvira JM. Diagnostic accuracy of 201-Thallium-SPECT and 18F-FDG-PET in the clinical assessment of glioma recurrence. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. May 2008;35(5):966–975Epub 2008 Jan 3
  13. Vlassenko AG, Thiessen B, Beattie BJ, Malkin MG, Blasberg RG. Evaluation of early response to SU101 target-based therapy in patients with recurrent supratentorial malignant gliomas using FDG PET and Gd-DTPA MRI. J Neurooncol. 2000;46(3):249–259
  14. Huang Z, Zuo C, Guan Y, Zhang Z, Liu P, Xue F, et al. Misdiagnoses of 11C-choline combined with 18F-FDG PET imaging in brain tumours. Nucl Med Commun. Apr 2008;29(4):354–358
  15. Wester HJ, Herz M, Weber W, Heiss P, Senekowitsch-Schmidtke R, Schwaiger M, et al. Synthesis and radiopharmacology of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine for tumor imaging. J Nucl Med. Jan 1999;40(1):205–212
  16. Wang HE, Wu SY, Chang CW, Liu RS, Hwang LC, Lee TW, et al. Evaluation of F-18-labeled amino acid derivatives and [18F]FDG as PET probes in a brain tumor-bearing animal model. Nucl Med Biol. May 2005;32(4):367–375
  17. Pauleit D, Stoffels G, Bachofner A, Floeth FW, Sabel M, Herzog H, et al. Comparison of (18)F-FET and (18)F-FDG PET in brain tumors. Nucl Med Biol. Oct 2009;36(7):779–787Epub 2009 Jul 29
  18. Weber DC, Zilli T, Buchegger F, Casanova N, Haller G, Rouzaud M, et al. (18)F]Fluoroethyltyrosine-positron emission tomography-guided radiotherapy for high-grade glioma. Radiat Oncol. Dec 2008;24(3):44
  19. Vees H, Senthamizhchelvan S, Miralbell R, Weber DC, Ratib O, Zaidi H. Assessment of various strategies for 18F-FET PET-guided delineation of target volumes in high-grade glioma patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Feb 2009;36(2):182–193Epub 2008 Sep 26
  20. Lau EW, Drummond KJ, Ware RE, Drummond E, Hogg A, Ryan G, et al. Comparative PET study using F-18 FET and F-18 FDG for the evaluation of patients with suspected brain tumour. J Clin Neurosci. Jan 2010;17(1):43–49Epub 2009 Dec 9
  21. Langen KJ, Hamacher K, Weckesser M, Floeth F, Stoffels G, Bauer D, et al. O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine: uptake mechanisms and clinical applications. Nucl Med Biol. Apr 2006;33(3):287–294
  22. Thiele F, Ehmer J, Piroth MD, Eble MJ, Coenen HH, Kaiser HJ, et al. The quantification of dynamic FET PET imaging and correlation with the clinical outcome in patients with glioblastoma. Phys Med Biol. Sep 21 2009;54(18):5525–5539Epub 2009 Aug 28
  23. Pöpperl G, Kreth FW, Mehrkens JH, Herms J, Seelos K, Koch W, et al. FET PET for the evaluation of untreated gliomas: correlation of FET uptake and uptake kinetics with tumour grading. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Dec 2007;34(12):1933–1942Epub 2007 Sep 1
  24. Floeth FW, Pauleit D, Sabel M, Reifenberger G, Stoffels G, Stummer W, et al. 18F-FET PET differentiation of ring-enhancing brain lesions. J Nucl Med. May 2006;47(5):776–782
  25. Spaeth N, Wyss MT, Pahnke J, Biollaz G, Lutz A, Goepfert K, et al. Uptake of 18F-fluorocholine, 18F-fluoro-ethyl-l: -tyrosine and 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose in F98 gliomas in the rat. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Jun 2006;33(6):673–682Epub 2006 Mar 15
  26. Lee TS, Ahn SH, Moon BS, Chun KS, Kang JH, Cheon GJ, et al. Comparison of 18F-FDG, 18F-FET and 18F-FLT for differentiation between tumor and inflammation in rats. Nucl Med Biol. Aug 2009;36(6):681–686
  27. Wyss M, Hofer S, Bruehlmeier M, Hefti M, Uhlmann C, Bärtschi E, et al. Early metabolic responses in temozolomide treated low-grade glioma patients. J Neurooncol. Oct 2009;95(1):87–93Epub 2009 Apr 18
  28. Wyss MT, Spaeth N, Biollaz G, Pahnke J, Alessi P, Trachsel E, et al. Uptake of 18F-Fluorocholine, 18F-FET, and 18F-FDG in C6 gliomas and correlation with 131I-SIP(L19), a marker of angiogenesis. J Nucl Med. Apr 2007;48(4):608–614
  29. Stockhammer F, von Deimling A, Synowitz M, Blechschmidt C, van Landeghem FK. Expression of glucose transporter 1 is associated with loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 1p in oligodendroglial tumors WHO grade II. J Mol Histol. Oct 2008;39(5):553–560Epub 2008 Aug 26
  30. Piroth MD, Pinkawa M, Holy R, Stoffels G, Demirel C, Attieh C, et al. Integrated-boost IMRT or 3-D-CRT using FET-PET based auto-contoured target volume delineation for glioblastoma multiforme—a dosimetric comparison. Radiat Oncol. Nov 2009;23(4):57
  31. Weber DC, Casanova N, Zilli T, Buchegger F, Rouzaud M, Nouet P, et al. Recurrence pattern after [(18)F]fluoroethyltyrosine-positron emission tomography-guided radiotherapy for high-grade glioma: a prospective study. Radiother Oncol. Dec 2009;93(3):586–592Epub 2009 Sep 24
  32. Stadlbauer A, Prante O, Nimsky C, Salomonowitz E, Buchfelder M, Kuwert T, et al. Metabolic imaging of cerebral gliomas: spatial correlation of changes in O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine PET and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. J Nucl Med. May 2008;49(5):721–729Epub 2008 Apr 15
  33. Stadlbauer A, Pölking E, Prante O, Nimsky C, Buchfelder M, Kuwert T, et al. Detection of tumour invasion into the pyramidal tract in glioma patients with sensorimotor deficits by correlation of (18)F-fluoroethyl-l: -tyrosine PET and magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging. Acta Neurochir (Wien). Sep 2009;151(9):1061–1069Epub 2009 May 26
  34. Rachinger W, Goetz C, Pöpperl G, Gildehaus FJ, Kreth FW, Holtmannspötter M, et al. Positron emission tomography with O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine versus magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of recurrent gliomas. Neurosurgery. Sep 2005;57(3):505–511discussion 505-11
  35. Messing-Jünger AM, Floeth FW, Pauleit D, Reifenberger G, Willing R, Gärtner J, et al. Multimodal target point assessment for stereotactic biopsy in children with diffuse bithalamic astrocytomas. Childs Nerv Syst. Aug 2002;18(8):445–449Epub 2002 Jul 26
  36. Floeth FW, Pauleit D, Wittsack HJ, Langen KJ, Reifenberger G, Hamacher K, et al. Multimodal metabolic imaging of cerebral gliomas: positron emission tomography with [18F]fluoroethyl-l-tyrosine and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Neurosurg. Feb 2005;102(2):318–327
  37. Floeth FW, Sabel M, Stoffels G, Pauleit D, Hamacher K, Steiger HJ, et al. Prognostic value of 18F-fluoroethyl-l-tyrosine PET and MRI in small nonspecific incidental brain lesions. J Nucl Med. May 2008;49(5):730–737Epub 2008 Apr 15
  38. Stockhammer F, Misch M, Horn P, Koch A, Fonyuy N, Plotkin M. Association of F18-fluoro-ethyl-tyrosin uptake and 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence in gliomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien). Nov 2009;151(11):1377–1383Epub 2009 Jul 29
  39. Pöpperl G, Götz C, Rachinger W, Gildehaus FJ, Tonn JC, Tatsch K. Value of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine PET for the diagnosis of recurrent glioma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Nov 2004;31(11):1464–1470Epub 2004 Jul 10
  40. Pauleit D, Floeth F, Hamacher K, Riemenschneider MJ, Reifenberger G, Müller HW, et al. O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine PET combined with MRI improves the diagnostic assessment of cerebral gliomas. Brain. Mar 2005;128(Pt 3):678–687Epub 2005 Feb 2
  41. Fedorova OS, Kuznetsova OF, Shatik SV, Stepanova MA, IuN Belokon', Maleev VI, et al. (18)F-labeled tyrosine derivatives: synthesis and experimental studies on accumulation in tumors and abscesses. Bioorg Khim. May-Jun 2009;35(3):334–343
  42. Burchardt C, Riss PJ, Zoller F, Maschauer S, Prante O, Kuwert T, et al. (68)Ga]Ga-DO(2)A-(OBu-l-tyr)(2): synthesis, (68)Ga-radiolabeling and in vitro studies of a novel (68)Ga-DO(2)A-tyrosine conjugate as potential tumor tracer for PET. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. Jul 1 2009;19(13):3498–3501Epub 2009 May 7
  43. Pauleit D, Floeth F, Tellmann L, Hamacher K, Hautzel H, Müller HW, et al. Comparison of O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine PET and 3-123I-iodo-alpha-methyl-l-tyrosine SPECT in brain tumors. J Nucl Med. Mar 2004;45(3):374–381
  44. van Waarde A, Cobben DC, Suurmeijer AJ, Maas B, Vaalburg W, de Vries EF, et al. Selectivity of 18F-FLT and 18F-FDG for differentiating tumor from inflammation in a rodent model. J Nucl Med. Apr 2004;45(4):695–700
  45. Jacobs AH, Thomas A, Kracht LW, Li H, Dittmar C, Garlip G, et al. 18F-fluoro-l-thymidine and 11C-methylmethionine as markers of increased transport and proliferation in brain tumors. J Nucl Med. Dec 2005;46(12):1948–1958
  46. Chen W, Cloughesy T, Kamdar N, Satyamurthy N, Bergsneider M, Liau L, et al. Imaging proliferation in brain tumors with 18F-FLT PET: comparison with 18F-FDG. J Nucl Med. Jun 2005;46(6):945–952
  47. Yamamoto Y, Wong TZ, Turkington TG, Hawk TC, Reardon DA, Coleman RE. 3′-Deoxy-3′-[F-18]fluorothymidine positron emission tomography in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: comparison with Gd-DTPA enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Mol Imaging Biol. Nov-Dec 2006;8(6):340–347
  48. Hlobilkova A, Ehrmann J, Knizetova P, Krejci V, Kalita O, Kolar Z. Analysis of VEGF, Flt-1, Flk-1, nestin and MMP-9 in relation to astrocytoma pathogenesis and progression. Neoplasma. 2009;56(4):284–290
  49. Bradbury MS, Hambardzumyan D, Zanzonico PB, Schwartz J, Cai S, Burnazi EM, et al. Dynamic small-animal PET imaging of tumor proliferation with 3′-deoxy-3′-18F-fluorothymidine in a genetically engineered mouse model of high-grade gliomas. J Nucl Med. Mar 2008;49(3):422–429Epub 2008 Feb 20
  50. Price SJ, Fryer TD, Cleij MC, Dean AF, Joseph J, Salvador R, et al. Imaging regional variation of cellular proliferation in gliomas using 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]fluorothymidine positron-emission tomography: an image-guided biopsy study. Clin Radiol. Jan 2009;64(1):52–63Epub 2008 Sep 4
  51. Chen W, Delaloye S, Silverman DH, Geist C, Czernin J, Sayre J, et al. Predicting treatment response of malignant gliomas to bevacizumab and irinotecan by imaging proliferation with [18F] fluorothymidine positron emission tomography: a pilot study. J Clin Oncol. Oct 20 2007;25(30):4714–4721
  52. Backes H, Ullrich R, Neumaier B, Kracht L, Wienhard K, Jacobs AH. Noninvasive quantification of (18)F-FLT human brain PET for the assessment of tumour proliferation in patients with high-grade glioma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Aug 12 2009;[Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19672593
  53. Ullrich RT, Kracht LW, Jacobs AH. Neuroimaging in patients with gliomas. Semin Neurol. Sep 2008;28(4):484–494Epub 2008 Oct 8
  54. Wei LH, Su H, Hildebrandt IJ, Phelps ME, Czernin J, Weber WA. Changes in tumor metabolism as readout for mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibition by rapamycin in glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. Jun 1 2008;14(11):3416–3426
  55. Muzi M, Spence AM, O'Sullivan F, Mankoff DA, Wells JM, Grierson JR, et al. Kinetic analysis of 3′-deoxy-3′-18F-fluorothymidine in patients with gliomas. J Nucl Med. Oct 2006;47(10):1612–1621
  56. van Waarde A, Elsinga PH. Proliferation markers for the differential diagnosis of tumor and inflammation. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(31):3326–3339
  57. Hatakeyama T, Kawai N, Nishiyama Y, Yamamoto Y, Sasakawa Y, Ichikawa T, et al. 11C-methionine (MET) and 18F-fluorothymidine (FLT) PET in patients with newly diagnosed glioma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Nov 2008;35(11):2009–2017Epub 2008 Jun 10
  58. Kawai N, Kagawa M, Miyake K, Nishiyama Y, Yamamoto Y, Shiraishi H, et al. Use of 11F-fluorothymidine positron emission tomography in brain tumor. No Shinkei Geka. Jul 2009;37(7):657–664
  59. Luyten PR, Marien AJ, Heindel W, van Gerwen PH, Herholz K, den Hollander JA, et al. Metabolic imaging of patients with intracranial tumors: H-1 MR spectroscopic imaging and PET. Radiology. Sep 1990;176(3):791–799
  60. Alger JR, Frank JA, Bizzi A, Fulham MJ, DeSouza BX, Duhaney MO, et al. Metabolism of human gliomas: assessment with H-1 MR spectroscopy and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET. Radiology. Dec 1990;177(3):633–641
  61. Anderson JH, Strandberg JD, Wong DF, Conti PS, Barker PB, Blackband SJ, et al. Multimodality correlative study of canine brain tumors. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and histology. Invest Radiol. Jun 1994;29(6):597–605
  62. Shinoura N, Nishijima M, Hara T, Haisa T, Yamamoto H, Fujii K, et al. Brain tumors: detection with C-11 choline PET. Radiology. Feb 1997;202(2):497–503
  63. Vanpouille C, Le Jeune N, Kryza D, Clotagatide A, Janier M, Dubois F, et al. Influence of multidrug resistance on (18)F-FCH cellular uptake in a glioblastoma model. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Aug 2009;36(8):1256–1264Epub 2009 Mar 20
  64. Utriainen M, Komu M, Vuorinen V, Lehikoinen P, Sonninen P, Kurki T, et al. Evaluation of brain tumor metabolism with [11C]choline PET and 1H-MRS. J Neurooncol. May 2003;62(3):329–338
  65. van Waarde A, Jager PL, Ishiwata K, Dierckx RA, Elsinga PH. Comparison of sigma-ligands and metabolic PET tracers for differentiating tumor from inflammation. J Nucl Med. Jan 2006;47(1):150–154
  66. Hara T, Kosaka N, Kishi H. PET imaging of prostate cancer using carbon-11-choline. J Nucl Med. Jun 1998;39(6):990–995
  67. Kotzerke J, Prang J, Neumaier B, Volkmer B, Guhlmann A, Kleinschmidt K, et al. Experience with carbon-11 choline positron emission tomography in prostate carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med. Sep 2000;27(9):1415–1419
  68. Mathews D, Oz OK. Positron emission tomography in prostate and renal cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Urol. Sep 2002;12(5):381–385
  69. Bouchelouche K, Capala J, Oehr P. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography and radioimmunotherapy of prostate cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. Sep 2009;21(5):469–474
  70. Jerabek PA, Patrick TB, Kilbourn MR, Dischino DD, Welch MJ. Synthesis and biodistribution of 18F-labeled fluoronitroimidazoles: potential in vivo markers of hypoxic tissue. Int J Rad Appl Instrum A. 1986;37(7):599–605
  71. Rasey JS, Grunbaum Z, Magee S, Nelson NJ, Olive PL, Durand RE, et al. Characterization of radiolabeled fluoromisonidazole as a probe for hypoxic cells. Radiat Res. Aug 1987;111(2):292–304
  72. Rasey JS, Koh WJ, Grierson JR, Grunbaum Z, Krohn KA. Radiolabelled fluoromisonidazole as an imaging agent for tumor hypoxia. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. Nov 1989;17(5):985–991
  73. Casciari JJ, Rasey JS. Determination of the radiobiologically hypoxic fraction in multicellular spheroids from data on the uptake of [3H]fluoromisonidazole. Radiat Res. Jan 1995;141(1):28–36
  74. Valk PE, Mathis CA, Prados MD, Gilbert JC, Budinger TF. Hypoxia in human gliomas: demonstration by PET with fluorine-18-fluoromisonidazole. J Nucl Med. Dec 1992;33(12):2133–2137
  75. Rasey JS, Casciari JJ, Hofstrand PD, Muzi M, Graham MM, Chin LK. Determining hypoxic fraction in a rat glioma by uptake of radiolabeled fluoromisonidazole. Radiat Res. 2000;153:84–92
  76. Tochon-Danguy HJ, Sachinidis JI, Chan F, Chan JG, Hall C, Cher L, et al. Imaging and quantitation of the hypoxic cell fraction of viable tumor in an animal model of intracerebral high-grade glioma using [18F]fluoromisonidazole (FMISO). Nucl Med Biol. Feb 2002;29(2):191–197
  77. Cher LM, Murone C, Lawrentschuk N, Ramdave S, Papenfuss A, Hannah A, et al. Correlation of hypoxic cell fraction and angiogenesis with glucose metabolic rate in gliomas using 18F-fluoromisonidazole, 18F-FDG PET, and immunohistochemical studies. J Nucl Med. Mar 2006;47(3):410–418
  78. Swanson KR, Chakraborty G, Wang CH, Rockne R, Harpold HL, Muzi M, et al. Complementary but distinct roles for MRI and 18F-fluoromisonidazole PET in the assessment of human glioblastomas. J Nucl Med. Jan 2009;50(1):36–44Epub 2008 Dec 17
  79. Szeto MD, Chakraborty G, Hadley J, Rockne R, Muzi M, Alvord EC, et al. Quantitative metrics of net proliferation and invasion link biological aggressiveness assessed by MRI with hypoxia assessed by FMISO-PET in newly diagnosed glioblastomas. Cancer Res. May 15 2009;69(10):4502–4509Epub 2009 Apr 14
  80. Huchet A, Fernandez P, Allard M, Belkacémi Y, Maire JP, Trouette R, et al. Molecular imaging of tumour hypoxia. Cancer Radiothér. Dec 2009;13(8):747–757Epub 2009 Oct 23
  81. Spence AM, Muzi M, Swanson KR, O'Sullivan F, Rockhill JK, Rajendran JG, et al. Regional hypoxia in glioblastoma multiforme quantified with [18F]fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography before radiotherapy: correlation with time to progression and survival. Clin Cancer Res. May 1 2008;14(9):2623–2630
  82. Buxton DB, Schwaiger M, Nguyen A, Phelps ME, Schelbert HR. Radiolabeled acetate as a tracer of myocardial tricarboxylic acid cycle flux. Circ Res. Sep 1988;63(3):628–634
  83. Armbrecht JJ, Buxton DB, Brunken RC, Phelps ME, Schelbert HR. Regional myocardial oxygen consumption determined noninvasively in humans with [1-11C]acetate and dynamic positron tomography. Circulation. Oct 1989;80(4):863–872
  84. Brown MA, Myears DW, Bergmann SR. Validity of estimates of myocardial oxidative metabolism with carbon-11 acetate and positron emission tomography despite altered patterns of substrate utilization. J Nucl Med. Feb 1989;30(2):187–193
  85. Henes CG, Bergmann SR, Walsh MN, Sobel BE, Geltman EM. Assessment of myocardial oxidative metabolic reserve with positron emission tomography and carbon-11 acetate. J Nucl Med. Sep 1989;30(9):1489–1499
  86. Jonson SD, Welch MJ. Investigations into tumor accumulation and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor binding by F-18 and C-11 fatty acids. Nucl Med Biol. 2002 Feb;29(2):211–216
  87. Shreve P, Chiao PC, Humes HD, Schwaiger M, Gross MD. Carbon-11-acetate PET imaging in renal disease. J Nucl Med. Sep 1995;36(9):1595–1601
  88. Shreve PD, Gross MD. Imaging of the pancreas and related diseases with PET carbon-11-acetate. J Nucl Med. Aug 1997;38(8):1305–1310
  89. Oyama N, Akino H, Kanamaru H, Suzuki Y, Muramoto S, Yonekura Y, et al. 11C-acetate PET imaging of prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. Feb 2002;43(2):181–186
  90. Ho CL, Yu SC, Yeung DW. 11C-acetate PET imaging in hepatocellular carcinoma and other liver masses. J Nucl Med. Feb 2003;44(2):213–221
  91. Tsuchida T, Takeuchi H, Okazawa H, Tsujikawa T, Fujibayashi Y. Grading of brain glioma with 1-11C-acetate PET: comparison with 18F-FDG PET. Nucl Med Biol. Feb 2008;35(2):171–176
  92. Marik J, Ogasawara A, Martin-McNulty B, Ross J, Flores JE, Gill HS, et al. PET of glial metabolism using 2-18F-fluoroacetate. J Nucl Med. Jun 2009;50(6):982–990Epub 2009 May 14
  93. Heiss WD, Wienhard K, Wagner R, Lanfermann H, Thiel A, Herholz K, et al. F-Dopa as an amino acid tracer to detect brain tumors. J Nucl Med. Jul 1996;37(7):1180–1182
  94. Alheit H, Oehme L, Winkler C, Füchtner F, Hoepping A, Grabowski J, et al. Radiation treatment planning in brain tumours: potential impact of 3-O-methyl-6-[(18)F]fluoro-l-DOPA and PET. Nuklearmedizin. 2008;47(5):200–204
  95. Ledezma CJ, Chen W, Sai V, Freitas B, Cloughesy T, Czernin J, et al. 18F-FDOPA PET/MRI fusion in patients with primary/recurrent gliomas: initial experience. Eur J Radiol. Aug 2009;71(2):242–248Epub 2008 May 29
  96. Peng F, Juhasz C, Bhambhani K, Wu D, Chugani DC, Chugani HT. Assessment of progression and treatment response of optic pathway glioma with positron emission tomography using alpha-[(11)C]methyl-l-tryptophan. Mol Imaging Biol. May-Jun 2007;9(3):106–109
  97. Schnell O, Krebs B, Carlsen J, Miederer I, Goetz C, Goldbrunner RH, et al. Imaging of integrin {alpha}v{beta}3 expression in patients with malignant glioma by [18F]galacto-RGD positron emission tomography. Neuro Oncol. Dec 2009;11(6):861–870
  98. Ogawa T, Miura S, Murakami M, Iida H, Hatazawa J, Inugami A, et al. Quantitative evaluation of neutral amino acid transport in cerebral gliomas using positron emission tomography and fluorine-18 fluorophenylalanine. Eur J Nucl Med. Aug 1996;23(8):889–895
  99. van Waarde A, Shiba K, de Jong JR, Ishiwata K, Dierckx RA, Elsinga PH. Rapid reduction of sigma1-receptor binding and 18F-FDG uptake in rat gliomas after in vivo treatment with doxorubicin. J Nucl Med. Aug 2007;48(8):1320–1326Epub 2007 Jul 13
  100. Cai W, Chen K, Mohamedali KA, Cao Q, Gambhir SS, Rosenblum MG, et al. PET of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor expression. J Nucl Med. Dec 2006;47(12):2048–2056
  101. Hsu AR, Cai W, Veeravagu A, Mohamedali KA, Chen K, Kim S, et al. Multimodality molecular imaging of glioblastoma growth inhibition with vasculature-targeting fusion toxin VEGF121/rGel. J Nucl Med. Mar 2007;48(3):445–454
  102. Chen K, Cai W, Li ZB, Wang H, Chen X. Quantitative PET imaging of VEGF receptor expression. Mol Imaging Biol. Jan-Feb 2009;11(1):15–22Epub 2008 Sep 11
  103. Chae SS, Kamoun WS, Farrar CT, Kirkpatrick ND, Niemeyer E, de Graaf AM, et al. Angiopoietin-2 Interferes with anti-VEGFR2-induced vessel normalization and survival benefit in mice bearing gliomas. Clin Cancer Res. Jul 15 2010;16(14):3618–3627Epub 2010 May 25
  104. Velikyan I, Sundberg AL, Lindhe O, Höglund AU, Eriksson O, Werner E, et al. Preparation and evaluation of (68)Ga-DOTA-hEGF for visualization of EGFR expression in malignant tumors. J Nucl Med. Nov 2005;46(11):1881–1888
  105. Pal A, Glekas A, Doubrovin M, Balatoni J, Namavari M, Beresten T, et al. Molecular imaging of EGFR kinase activity in tumors with 124I-labeled small molecular tracer and positron emission tomography. Mol Imaging Biol. Sep-Oct 2006;8(5):262–277
  106. Abourbeh G, Dissoki S, Jacobson O, Litchi A, Ben Daniel R, Laki D, et al. Evaluation of radiolabeled ML04, a putative irreversible inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor, as a bioprobe for PET imaging of EGFR-overexpressing tumors. Nucl Med Biol. Jan 2007;34(1):55–70
  107. Wang H, Yu JM, Song XR, Yang GR, Mu DB, Zhao SQ, et al. Molecular imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor in glioma-bearing rats. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. May 2008;30(5):343–346
  108. Lee FT, O'Keefe GJ, Gan HK, Mountain AJ, Jones GR, Saunder TH, et al. Immuno-PET quantitation of de2-7 epidermal growth factor receptor expression in glioma using 124I-IMP-R4-labeled antibody ch806. J Nucl Med. Jun 2010;51(6):967–972Epub 2010 May 19

PII: S0022-510X(10)00347-3

doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.07.024

Journal of the Neurological Sciences
Volume 298, Issue 1 , Pages 11-16 , 15 November 2010