Journal of the Neurological Sciences
Volume 291, Issue 1 , Pages 22-29 , 15 April 2010

Association of ALS with head injury, cigarette smoking and APOE genotypes

  • Silke Schmidt

      Affiliations

    • Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, 595 Lasalle Street, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
    • Epidemiology Research and Information Center, Durham VAMC, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, North Carolina, 27705, USA
    • Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Center for Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3445, Durham, NC 27710, United States. Tel.: +1 919 684 0624; fax: +1 919 684 0925.
    • Present address: Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany.
  • ,
  • Lydia Coulter Kwee

      Affiliations

    • Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, 595 Lasalle Street, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
    • Epidemiology Research and Information Center, Durham VAMC, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, North Carolina, 27705, USA
    • Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
  • ,
  • Kelli D. Allen

      Affiliations

    • Epidemiology Research and Information Center, Durham VAMC, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, North Carolina, 27705, USA
    • Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
  • ,
  • Eugene Z. Oddone

      Affiliations

    • Epidemiology Research and Information Center, Durham VAMC, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, North Carolina, 27705, USA
    • Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA

Received 23 September 2009 ,Revised 7 January 2010 ,Accepted 12 January 2010.

References 

  1. McGuire V, Longstreth WT, Koepsell TD, Van Belle G. Incidence of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in three counties in western Washington state. Neurology. 1996;47:571–573
  2. Traynor BJ, Codd MB, Corr B, Forde C, Frost E, Hardiman O. Incidence and prevalence of ALS in Ireland, 1995–1997: a population-based study. Neurology. Feb 1999;52(3):504–509
  3. Kamel F, Umbach DM, Munsat TL, Shefner JM, Sandler DP. Association of cigarette smoking with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology. 1999;18(4):194–202
  4. Nelson LM, McGuire V, Longstreth WT, Matkin C. Population-based case–control study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in western Washington State. I. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Am J Epidemiol. Jan 15 2000;151(2):156–163
  5. Weisskopf MG, McCullough ML, Calle EE, Thun MJ, Cudkowicz M, Ascherio A. Prospective study of cigarette smoking and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Epidemiol. Jul 1 2004;160(1):26–33
  6. Campbell AM, Williams ER, Barltrop D. Motor neurone disease and exposure to lead. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Dec 1970;33(6):877–885
  7. Armon C, Kurland LT, Daube JR, O'Brien PC. Epidemiologic correlates of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. Jul 1991;41(7):1077–1084
  8. Chancellor AM, Slattery JM, Fraser H, Warlow CP. Risk factors for motor neuron disease: a case–control study based on patients from the Scottish Motor Neuron Disease Register. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Nov 1993;56(11):1200–1206
  9. McGuire V, Longstreth WT, Nelson LM, Koepsell TD, Checkoway H, Morgan MS, et al. Occupational exposures and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A population-based case–control study. Am J Epidemiol. Jun 15 1997;145(12):1076–1088
  10. Kamel F, Umbach DM, Munsat TL, Shefner JM, Hu H, Sandler DP. Lead exposure and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Epidemiology. May 2002;13(3):311–319
  11. Felmus MT, Patten BM, Swanke L. Antecedent events in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. Feb 1976;26(2):167–172
  12. Pierce-Ruhland R, Patten BM. Repeat study of antecedent events in motor neuron disease. Ann Clin Res. Apr 1981;13(2):102–107
  13. Gresham LS, Molgaard CA, Golbeck AL, Smith R. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and occupational heavy metal exposure: a case–control study. Neuroepidemiology. 1986;5(1):29–38
  14. Deapen DM, Henderson BE. A case–control study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Epidemiol. May 1986;123(5):790–799
  15. Savettieri G, Salemi G, Arcara A, Cassata M, Castiglione MG, Fierro B. A case–control study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology. 1991;10(5–6):242–245
  16. Longstreth WT, McGuire V, Koepsell TD, Wang Y, Van Belle G. Risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and history of physical activity: a population-based case–control study. Arch Neurol. Feb 1998;55(2):201–206
  17. Chio A, Benzi G, Dossena M, Mutani R, Mora G. Severely increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Italian professional football players. Brain. Mar 2005;128(Pt 3):472–476
  18. Belli S, Vanacore N. Proportionate mortality of Italian soccer players: is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis an occupational disease?. Eur J Epidemiol. 2005;20(3):237–242
  19. Scarmeas N, Shih T, Stern Y, Ottman R, Rowland LP. Premorbid weight, body mass, and varsity athletics in ALS. Neurology. Sep 10 2002;59(5):773–775
  20. Kondo K, Tsubaki T. Case–control studies of motor neuron disease: association with mechanical injuries. Arch Neurol. Apr 1981;38(4):220–226
  21. Chen H, Richard M, Sandler DP, Umbach DM, Kamel F. Head injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Epidemiol. Oct 1 2007;166(7):810–816
  22. Binazzi A, Belli S, Uccelli R, Desiato MT, Talamanca IF, Antonini G, et al. An exploratory case–control study on spinal and bulbar forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the province of Rome. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. Sep 2008;16:1–10
  23. Horner RD, Kamins KG, Feussner JR, Grambow SC, Hoff-Lindquist J, Harati Y, et al. Occurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Gulf War veterans. Neurology. Sep 23 2003;61(6):742–749
  24. Haley RW. Excess incidence of ALS in young Gulf War veterans. Neurology. Sep 23 2003;61(6):750–756
  25. Weisskopf MG, O'Reilly EJ, McCullough ML, Calle EE, Thun MJ, Cudkowicz M, et al. Prospective study of military service and mortality from ALS. Neurology. Jan 11 2005;64(1):32–37
  26. Schmidt S, Allen KD, Loiacono VT, Norman B, Stanwyck CL, Nord KM, et al. Genes and Environmental Exposures in Veterans with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: the GENEVA study. Rationale, study design and demographic characteristics. Neuroepidemiology. 2008;30(3):191–204
  27. Allen KD, Kasarskis EJ, Bedlack RS, Rozear MP, Morgenlander JC, Sabet A, et al. The National Registry of Veterans with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology. 2008;30(3):180–190
  28. Migliore L, Coppede F. Genetics, environmental factors and the emerging role of epigenetics in neurodegenerative diseases. Mutat Res. 2009;667(1–2):82–97
  29. Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, Gaskell PC, Small GW, et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science. 1993;261(5123):921–923
  30. Mayeux R, Ottman R, Maestre G, Ngai C, Tang MX, Ginsberg H, et al. Synergistic effects of traumatic head injury and apolipoprotein-epsilon 4 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. [see comments] Neurology. Mar 1995;45(3 Pt 1):555–557
  31. Katzman R, Galasko DR, Saitoh T, Chen X, Pay MM, Booth A, et al. Apolipoprotein-epsilon4 and head trauma: synergistic or additive risks?. Neurology. Mar 1996;46(3):889–891
  32. Plassman BL, Havlik RJ, Steffens DC, Helms MJ, Newman TN, Drosdick D, et al. Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Neurology. Oct 24 2000;55(8):1158–1166
  33. Li Y-J, Hauser MA, Scott WK, Martin ER, Booze MW, Qin XJ, et al. Apolipoprotein E controls the risk and age at onset of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2004;62(11):2005–2009
  34. Al-Chalabi A, Enayat ZE, Bakker MC, Sham PC, Ball DM, Shaw CE, et al. Association of apolipoprotein E ε4 allele with bulbar-onset motor neuron disease. Lancet. 1996;347:159–160
  35. Moulard B, Sefiani A, Laamri A, Malafosse A, Camu W. Apolipoprotein E genotyping in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: evidence for a major influence on the clinical presentation and prognosis. J Neurol Sci. Aug 1996;(139 Suppl):34–37
  36. Smith RG, Haverkamp LJ, Case S, Appel V, Appel SH. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 in bulbar-onset motor neuron disease. Lancet. Aug 3 1996;348(9023):334–335
  37. Li Y-J, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL, Siddique N, McKenna-Yasek D, Hung WY, et al. Apolipoprotein E is associated with age at onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurogenetics. Dec 2004;5(4):209–213
  38. Brooks BR. El Escorial World Federation of Neurology Criteria for the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Subcommittee on Motor Neuron Diseases/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis of the World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Neuromuscular Diseases and the El Escorial “Clinical limits of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis” Workshop Contributors. J Neurol Sci. 1994 Jul;(124 Suppl):96–107
  39. Cedarbaum JM, Stambler N, Malta E, Fuller C, Hilt D, Thurmond B, et al. The ALSFRS-R: a revised ALS functional rating scale that incorporates assessments of respiratory function. BDNF ALS Study Group (Phase III). J Neurol Sci. Oct 31 1999;169(1–2):13–21
  40. Popat RA, Tanner CM, Van Den Eeden SK, Bernstein AL, Bloch DA, Leimpeter A, et al. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications on the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. Jun 2007;8(3):157–163
  41. Tartaglia MC, Rowe A, Findlater K, Orange JB, Grace G, Strong MJ. Differentiation between primary lateral sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: examination of symptoms and signs at disease onset and during follow-up. Arch Neurol. Feb 2007;64(2):232–236
  42. Ryan MA, Smith TC, Smith B, Amoroso P, Boyko EJ, Gray GC, et al. Millennium cohort: enrollment begins a 21-year contribution to understanding the impact of military service. J Clin Epidemiol. Feb 2007;60(2):181–191
  43. Morton LM, Cahill J, Hartge P. Reporting participation in epidemiologic studies: a survey of practice. Am J Epidemiol. Feb 1 2006;163(3):197–203
  44. Bennet AM, Di AE, Ye Z, Wensley F, Dahlin A, Ahlbom A, et al. Association of apolipoprotein E genotypes with lipid levels and coronary risk. JAMA. Sep 19 2007;298(11):1300–1311
  45. Hosmer D, Lemeshow S. Applied logistic regression. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2000;
  46. McCulloch CC, Kay DM, Factor SA, Samii A, Nutt JG, Higgins DS, et al. Exploring gene–environment interactions in Parkinson's disease. Hum Genet. Apr 2008;123(3):257–265
  47. Farrer LA, Cupples LA, Haines JL, Hyman B, Kukull WA, Mayeux R, et al. Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A meta-analysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis Consortium. JAMA. Oct 22 1997;278(16):1349–1356
  48. Song Y, Stampfer MJ, Liu S. Meta-analysis: apolipoprotein E genotypes and risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. Jul 20 2004;141(2):137–147
  49. Langlois JA, Kegler SR, Butler JA, Gotsch KE, Johnson RL, Reichard AA, et al. Traumatic brain injury-related hospital discharges. Results from a 14-state surveillance system, 1997. MMWR Surveill Summ. Jun 27 2003;52(4):1–20
  50. Chio A, Traynor BJ, Swingler R, Mitchell D, Hardiman O, Mora G, et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and soccer: a different epidemiological approach strengthen the previous findings. J Neurol Sci. Jun 15 2008;269(1–2):187–188
  51. Fleminger S, Oliver DL, Lovestone S, Rabe-Hesketh S, Giora A. Head injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: the evidence 10years on; a partial replication. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Jul 2003;74(7):857–862
  52. Mortimer JA, French LR, Hutton JT, Schuman LM. Head injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. Feb 1985;35(2):264–267
  53. O'Meara ES, Kukull WA, Sheppard L, Bowen JD, McCormick WC, Teri L, et al. Head injury and risk of Alzheimer's disease by apolipoprotein E genotype. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146:373–384
  54. Mehta KM, Ott A, Kalmijn S, Slooter AJ, Van Duijn CM, Hofman A, et al. Head trauma and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: the Rotterdam Study. Neurology. Dec 10 1999;53(9):1959–1962
  55. Bower JH, Maraganore DM, Peterson BJ, McDonnell SK, Ahlskog JE, Rocca WA. Head trauma preceding PD: a case–control study. Neurology. May 27 2003;60(10):1610–1615
  56. Goldman SM, Tanner CM, Oakes D, Bhudhikanok GS, Gupta A, Langston JW. Head injury and Parkinson's disease risk in twins. Ann Neurol. Jul 2006;60(1):65–72
  57. Lenzlinger PM, Morganti-Kossmann MC, Laurer HL, McIntosh TK. The duality of the inflammatory response to traumatic brain injury. Mol Neurobiol. Aug 2001;24(1–3):169–181
  58. Arundine M, Tymianski M. Molecular mechanisms of glutamate-dependent neurodegeneration in ischemia and traumatic brain injury. Cell Mol Life Sci. Mar 2004;61(6):657–668
  59. Frantseva M, Perez Velazquez JL, Tonkikh A, Adamchik Y, Carlen PL. Neurotrauma/neurodegeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction. Prog Brain Res. 2002;137:171–176
  60. Cordell HJ. Genome-wide association studies: detecting gene–gene interactions that underlie human diseases. Nat Rev Genet. May 12 2009;[Electronic publication ahead of print]
  61. Crawford F, Wood M, Ferguson S, Mathura V, Gupta P, Humphrey J, et al. Apolipoprotein E-genotype dependent hippocampal and cortical responses to traumatic brain injury. Neuroscience. Apr 10 2009;159(4):1349–1362
  62. Haasdijk ED, Vlug A, Mulder MT, Jaarsma D. Increased apolipoprotein E expression correlates with the onset of neuronal degeneration in the spinal cord of G93A-SOD1 mice. Neurosci Lett. Dec 19 2002;335(1):29–33
  63. Chen H, Zhang SM, Hernan MA, Schwarzschild MA, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. Aug 2003;60(8):1059–1064
  64. Wahner AD, Bronstein JM, Bordelon YM, Ritz B. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may protect against Parkinson disease. Neurology. Nov 6 2007;69(19):1836–1842
  65. O'Toole O, Traynor BJ, Brennan P, Sheehan C, Frost E, Corr B, et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Ireland between 1995 and 2004. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Jan 2008;79(1):30–32
  66. Zoccolella S, Beghi E, Palagano G, Fraddosio A, Guerra V, Samarelli V, et al. Analysis of survival and prognostic factors in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Jan 2008;79(1):33–37
  67. Kamel F, Umbach DM, Stallone L, Richards M, Hu H, Sandler DP. Association of lead exposure with survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Environ Health Perspect. Jul 2008;116(7):943–947
  68. Sorenson EJ, Stalker AP, Kurland LT, Windebank AJ. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1925 to 1998. Neurology. Jul 23 2002;59(2):280–282
  69. Chio A, Mora G, Leone M, Mazzini L, Cocito D, Giordana MT, et al. Early symptom progression rate is related to ALS outcome: a prospective population-based study. Neurology. Jul 9 2002;59(1):99–103
  70. del Aguila MA, Longstreth WT, McGuire V, Koepsell TD, Van Belle G. Prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based study. Neurology. Mar 11 2003;60(5):813–819
  71. van Es MA, Veldink JH, Saris CG, Blauw HM, Van Vught PW, Birve A, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 19p13.3 (UNC13A) and 9p21.2 as susceptibility loci for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Genet. 2009;41(10):1083–1087

PII: S0022-510X(10)00037-7

doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.01.011

Journal of the Neurological Sciences
Volume 291, Issue 1 , Pages 22-29 , 15 April 2010