Journal of the Neurological Sciences
Volume 288, Issue 1 , Pages 68-71 , 15 January 2010

Post-streptococcal ‘complex’ movement disorders: Unusual concurrence of psychogenic and organic symptoms

  • Giovanna Squintani

      Affiliations

    • Neurology Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital of Verona, Italy
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Unita' Operativa Neurologia OCM Borgo Trento, piazzale Stefani 1, 37100 Verona, Italy. Tel.: +39 045 8122690; fax: +39 045 8122100.
  • ,
  • Michele Tinazzi

      Affiliations

    • Neurology Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital of Verona, Italy
    • Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
  • ,
  • Mattia Gambarin

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
  • ,
  • Elena Bravi

      Affiliations

    • Psychology Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital of Verona, Italy
  • ,
  • Giuseppe Moretto

      Affiliations

    • Neurology Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital of Verona, Italy
  • ,
  • Maura Buttiglione

      Affiliations

    • Department of Human Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Bari, Italy
  • ,
  • Giovanni Defazio

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, Italy
  • ,
  • Davide Martino

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, Italy

Received 2 June 2009 ,Revised 1 September 2009 ,Accepted 7 October 2009.

References 

  1. Allen AJ, Leonard HL, Swedo SE. Case study: a new infection triggered, autimmune subtype of pediatric OCD and Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:307–311
  2. Dale RC, Heymn I, Surtees RAH, Church AJ, Giovannoni G, Goodman R, et al. Dyskinesias and associated psychiatric disorders following streptococcal infections. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89:604–610
  3. Williams DT, Ford B, Fahn S. Phenomenology and psychopathology related to psychogenic movement disorders. Adv Neurol. 1995;65:233–257
  4. Ranawaya R, Riley D, Lang A. Psychogenic dyskinesias in patients with organic movement disorders. Mov Disord. 1990;5:127–133
  5. Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, Mittleman B, Allen AJ, Perlmutter S, et al. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:264–271
  6. Church AJ, Dale RC, Giovannoni G. Anti-basal ganglia antibodies: a possibile diagnostic utility in idiopathic movement disorders?. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89:611–614
  7. Edwards MJ, Dale RC, Church AJ, Trikouli E, Quinn NP, Lees AJ, et al. Adult-onset tic disorder, motor stereotypies, and behavioural disturbance associated with antibasal ganglia antibodies. Mov Disord. 2004;19:1190–1196
  8. Bodner SM, Morshed SA, Peterson BS. The question of PANDAS in adults. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(9):807–810
  9. Perlmutter SJ, Leitman SF, Garvey MA, Hamburger S, Feldman E, Leonard HL, et al. Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for obsessive–compulsive disorder and tic disorders in childhood. Lancet. 1999;354:1153–1158
  10. Bombaci M, Grifantini R, Mora M, Reguzzi V, Petracca R, Meoni E, et al. Protein array profiling of tic patient sera reveals a broad range and enhanced immune response against Group A Streptococcus antigens. PloS One. 2009;4:e6332
  11. Garvey MA, Perlmutter SJ, Allen AJ, Hamburger S, Lougee L, Leonard HL, et al. A pilot study of penicillin prophylaxis for neuropsychiatric exacerbations triggered by streptococcal infections. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:1564–1571
  12. Snider LA, Lougee L, Slattery M, Grant P, Swedo SE. Antibiotic prophylaxis with azithromycin or penicillin for childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:788–792
  13. Kuluva J, Hirsch S, Coffey B. PANDAS and paroxysms: a case of conversion disorder?. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008;18:109–115
  14. Elia J, Dell ML, Friedman DF, Zimmermann RA, Balamuth N, Ahmed AA, et al. PANDAS with catatonia: a case report. Therapeutic response to lorazepam and plasmapheresis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44:1145–1150
  15. Swain JE, Scahill L, Lombroso PJ, King RA, Leckman JF. Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: a decade of progress. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:947–968
  16. Ludolph AG, Pinkhardt EH, Tebartz van Elst L, Libal G, Ludolph AC, Fegert JM, et al. Are amygdalar volume alterations in children with Tourette syndrome due to ADHD comorbidity?. Dev Med Child Neurology. 2008;50:524–529
  17. Vuilleumier P. Hysterical conversion and brain function. Prog Brain Res. 2005;150:309–329
  18. Stone J, Zeman A, Simonotto E, Meyer M, Azuma R, Flett S, et al. FMRI in patients with motor conversion symptoms and controls with simulated weakness. Psychosom Med. 2007;69:961–969

PII: S0022-510X(09)00900-9

doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.10.004

Journal of the Neurological Sciences
Volume 288, Issue 1 , Pages 68-71 , 15 January 2010